Surface Groups Mali 1984-2021

English

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Surface groups for Mali (years 1984 - 2021) as georeferenced TIF files. Classified land cover (surface) of each pixel indicated as: 0 = built-up surfaces: surfaces with buildings of non-natural materials such as concrete, metal, and glass (e.g., residential buildings, industrial plants, roads) 1 = grassy surfaces: surfaces covered by grass or other plants with similar surface reflectance (e.g., natural grassland, city parks) 2 = surfaces with crop fields: surfaces with vegetation for agricultural purposes (e.g., hayfields, vineyards) 3 = forest-covered surfaces: surfaces covered by trees or other plants with similar surface reflectance (e.g., mixed forests, moors) 4 = surfaces without vegetation: surfaces with (almost) no vegetation or buildings (e.g., bare rock, sand plains) 5 = water surfaces: any type of water surface (e.g., rivers, lakes) 9 = missing surface classification, most likely due to cloud cover If a TIF file for a given year within the observation period is missing, no valid satellite imagery was available for that year (e.g., due to constant cloud cover).

For details on the dataset and methodology see the following paper and its supplementary material: Lehnert, P., Niederberger, M., Backes-Gellner, U., & Bettinger, E., "Proxying economic activity with daytime satellite imagery: Filling data gaps across time and space", PNAS Nexus, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad099 This paper has to be cited together with the dataset when using it and/or the underlying methodology in your publications. The code used for producing the dataset is available at https://github.com/Neduzen/lhvpetecon-surface (code version 1.0.0, specification "World").

First publication

Lehnert, P., Niederberger, M., Backes-Gellner, U., & Bettinger, E. (2025). Surface Groups Mali 1984-2021 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. FORS. https://doi.org/10.48573/9er0-8428

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